What is Engine oil additive and Why Do We Use Them?

You stop by the auto parts store for new seat covers and floor mats. You stroll down an aisle with shelves and shelves of engine oil additives that promise to deliver better gas mileage, a cleaner engine, and more horsepower. Is your vehicle missing out? Is extra engine oil additive worth it?

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Learn more about oil additives before you pick one off the shelf and pour it into your vehicle's most important component — the engine.

What Is An Engine Oil Additive?

It’s helpful to know the primary purpose of motor oil itself before you can understand the function of an engine oil additive. Motor oil's function is to lubricate your engine and reduce friction between its many moving parts. Oil also plays a critical role in protecting against corrosion, helping remove contaminants, preventing sludge build-up, and keeping the engine cool.

Your everyday engine oil is already a combination of base oils and additives. "The base oils constitute 70-90 percent of the total and are created from natural gas or crude oil, while additives round out the remaining 10-30 percent and can be a variety of things," notes Pennzoil.

There are different additives for different applications. Additives can include detergents, anti-wear additives, friction modifiers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, and more. Millions of dollars and hours go into creating and testing oil formulations so that they're just right.

Most of the brightly colored bottles you see at the auto parts store are aftermarket or supplemental engine oil additives. Some claim to extend the oil’s life and others say they reduce engine smoking. However, there’s mixed research as to whether they do what they claim.

What Engine Oil Additives Do To the Engine

The majority of motor oils contain around 15% of additives. Without additives, the oil is essentially unable to perform its critical functions. Wear, oxidation, and decomposition can cause the oil to degrade over time.

Engine oil can lose its additives the older the oil gets. Without the proper levels of these additives, you run the chance of increased wear and tear on your engine, potentially resulting in rust, corrosion, oil sludge, decreased fuel economy, breakdowns, overheating, and expensive engine damage.

That's one reason a driver might consider an aftermarket or supplemental engine oil additive between oil changes — they want to reinvigorate their oil as quickly as possible. The value of an additive, though, would be whether it contains the additives that have been depleted and if it offsets any of the other existing additives remaining in the oil. Many different types of oil additives work by attaching their molecules to an internal engine component. Too much of one additive may limit a second necessary additive from being able to do its job.

Are Engine Oil Additives Any Good?

The question of using aftermarket engine oil additives has been the subject of controversy for years, and the answer isn't a simple "yes" or "no." You may assume that since standard motor oil already contains additives, any additional additives aren't necessary. But it's not always that black and white. You'll want to do your research, consult your vehicle manufacturer, particularly if your car is still under warranty, and make the decision for yourself.

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"When it comes to supplemental additives, I always say it's a consumer's choice," says Shell Lubricants Global OEM technical manager. "Petroleum chemists and automotive engineers are really smart people who know what is and is not needed,” he says. “Oil already comes with additives in it to do certain things, so the consumer should piggyback off that knowledge and lean towards oil additives that are carefully formulated into the oil by the oil manufacturer to provide extra improvement in those areas.”

There are two factors to consider when deciding if aftermarket oil additives are a good idea for your vehicle, including:

• Warranty: Most importantly — double-check your manufacturer's warranty. “Adding additional [aftermarket] additives to an engine oil could unbalance the additive system, resulting in detrimental side effects and potentially invalidating the engine manufacturer’s warranty,” reports the OEM technical liaison for Petro-Canada Lubricants.
• Mileage and Vehicle Age: The more miles you have on your engine, the more likely it is that your engine is operating at less-than-maximum performance, making it more vulnerable to possible damage. The addition of certain oil additives carefully balanced into a fully-formulated high mileage engine oil has the potential to reduce stress and wear on your high-mileage engine and help restore performance. Consistently using a quality high-mileage oil can help.

Start with an Oil Change

When it comes to what's best for your engine, adding aftermarket engine oil additives may be a bit of a gray area. Ultimately, getting regular oil changes with high-quality oil that meets your vehicle manufacturer’s recommendation can be more beneficial for your vehicle’s long-term performance and comply with your vehicle’s warranty.

At Firestone Complete Auto Care, we’ll always prioritize what’s best for you and your car! That’s why we use high-quality motor oil brands like Pennzoil and always refer to your manufacturer's suggested maintenance recommendations to decide which type of high-quality oil to use on your engine.

Chemical compounds that improve the lubricant performance of base oil

Oil additives are chemical compounds that improve the lubricant performance of base oil (or oil "base stock"). The manufacturer of many oils can use the same base stock for each formulation and can choose different additives for each use. Additives comprise up to 5% by weight of some oils.[1]

Nearly all commercial motor oils contain additives, whether the oils are synthetic or petroleum based. Essentially, only the American Petroleum Institute (API) Service SA motor oils have no additives, and they are therefore incapable of protecting modern engines.[2] The choice of additives is determined by the use, e.g. the oil for a diesel engine with direct injection in a pickup truck (API Service CJ-4) has different additives than the oil used in a small gasoline-powered outboard motor on a boat (2-cycle engine oil).

Types of additives

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Oil additives are vital for the proper lubrication and prolonged use of motor oil in modern internal combustion engines. Without many of these, the oil would become contaminated, break down, leak out, or not properly protect engine parts at all operating temperatures. Just as important are additives for oils used inside gearboxes, automatic transmissions, and bearings. Some of the most important additives include those used for viscosity and lubricity, contaminant control, for the control of chemical breakdown, and for seal conditioning. Some additives permit lubricants to perform better under severe conditions, such as extreme pressures and temperatures and high levels of contamination.

Controlling chemical breakdown

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• Detergent additives, dating back to the early s, are used to clean and neutralize oil impurities which would normally cause deposits (oil sludge) on vital engine parts. Typical detergents are magnesium sulfonates.[3]
• Corrosion or rust inhibiting additives retard the oxidation of metals inside an engine.
• Antioxidant additives retard the degradation of the oil stock by oxidation. Typical additives are organic amines and phenols.
• Metal deactivators create a film on metal surfaces to prevent the metal from causing the oil to be oxidized.
• Bases may be used to combat chemical decomposition of the base stock oil in the presence of acids. When oil is subjected to shear wear and oxidation by air and combustion gases, it will have a tendency to collect acids and increase its Total Acid Number (TAN). For example, the breakdown acids found in used gear oil may include carbocyclic acids, ketones, esters and nitration and sulfation byproducts.[4] Organic and inorganic bases and detergents are included in most formulated oils, as discussed in the following paragraph, so some (but not all) of these contaminants will be neutralized. Gear oil degradation and longevity can be measured by its TAN.

• Alkaline additives are used to neutralize the acids mentioned previously, and also help prevent the formation of sulfates in a working oil. A formulated oil will often have KOH (potassium hydroxide), a strong base, in small amounts, as it is an effective neutralizer used in refining petroleum.[5] Additives that perform a similar function in a motor oil include magnesium and calcium sulphonates, salicylates, and phenates.[4] These are the detergent additives mentioned previously. To measure the alkalinity potential of a formulated oil, it is tested to obtain the equivalent amount of KOH to arrive at the oil's Total Base Number (TBN) with units of mg of KOH per gram of oil. As the additive package degrades, TBN will decrease until the motor oil needs to be replaced. Further use of the oil will permit sludge, varnish, and metal corrosion.[4] An important measurement of a motor oil's degradation and longevity is its TBN relative to a new oil.

For viscosity

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• Viscosity modifiers make an oil's viscosity higher at elevated temperatures, improving its viscosity index (VI). This combats the tendency of the oil to become thin at high temperature. The advantage of using less viscous oil with a VI improver is that it will have improved low temperature fluidity as well as being viscous enough to lubricate at operating temperature. Most multi-grade oils have viscosity modifiers. Some synthetic oils are engineered to meet multi-grade specifications without them. Viscosity modifiers are often plastic polymers. Virtually all oils require a specific range of viscosity as a working fluid, so viscosity is the primary factor that determines if an oil is acceptable for the engine . As oils degrade from use, their viscosity will decrease, eventually requiring their replacement.
• Pour point depressants improve the oil's ability to flow at lower temperatures.

For lubricity

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• Friction modifiers or friction reducers, like molybdenum disulfide, are used for increasing engine fuel economy by reducing friction between moving parts.[6] Friction modifiers alter the lubricity of the base oil. Whale oil was used historically.[7] In [8] it's shown how use of anti-friction additives can increase the power efficiency of a motor.

• Extreme pressure agents bond to metal surfaces, keeping them from touching even at high pressure.
• Antiwear or wear-inhibiting additives cause a film to surround metal parts, helping to keep them separated. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate[9] or zinc dithiophosphates are typically used.
• Nanoparticles that build diamond-like carbon coatings, which improve embeddability and can achieve superlubricity. The technology is developed with Argonne National Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the foundation of TriboTEX product.[10] The ability of this technology to reduce and even repair wear was described in NASA Spinoff Magazine.[11]
• Inorganic Fullerene-like Tungsten Disulfide (IF-WS2) nanoparticles with a hollow sphere (Fullerene-like) morphology, provide extreme lubricity, anti-friction and high impact resistance (up to 35 GPa). The IF-WS2 particles were discovered by Professor Reshef Tenne at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Unlike standard lubricant additives that have platelet-like structures with moderate tribological properties, IF-WS2 particles have tens of caged concentric layers, making these particles excel under extreme pressure or load. The IF-LWS2 particles are available in dry powder form as well as a dispersion in oil, water, and solvent. These dispersions are used in the formulation of various lubricants, grease, metalworking fluids, coatings, paints, and polymers.

For contaminant control

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• Metal particles released by wear are unintentional and undesirable oil additives. Most large metal particles and impurities are removed in situ using either magnets or oil filters.
• Dispersants keep contaminants (e.g. soot) suspended in the oil to prevent them from coagulating.
• Anti-foam agents (defoamants) inhibit the production of air bubbles and foam in the oil which can cause a loss of lubrication, pitting, and corrosion where entrained air and combustion gases contact metal surfaces.
• Antimisting agents prevent the atomization of the oil. Typical antimisting agents are silicones.[1]
• Wax crystal modifiers are dewaxing aids that improve the ability of oil filters to separate wax from oil. This type of additive has applications in the refining and transport of oil, but not for lubricant formulation.

For other reasons

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• Seal conditioners cause gaskets and seals to swell to reduce oil leakage. These are generally found in "high mileage" engine oils.

Additives in the aftermarket and controversy

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Motor oil is manufactured with numerous additives, and there are also aftermarket additives. A glaring inconsistency of mass-marketed aftermarket oil additives is that they often use additives which are foreign to motor oil. On the other hand, commercial additives are also sold that are designed for extended drain intervals (to replace depleted additives in used oil) or for formulating oils in situ (to make a custom motor oil from base stock). Commercial additives are identical to the additives found in off-the-shelf motor oil, while mass-marketed additives have some of each.

Although PTFE, a solid, was used in some aftermarket oil additives, some users said that the PTFE clumped together, clogging filters. Certain people[who?] in the s reported that this was corroborated by NASA[12] and U.S. universities.[13] However, if the PTFE particles are smaller than those apparently used in the s and s, then PTFE can be an effective lubricant in suspension.[14] The size of the particle and many other interrelated components of a lubricant make it difficult to make blanket statements about whether PTFE is useful or harmful. Although PTFE has been called "the slickest substance known to man",[15][16] it would hardly do any good if it remains in the oil filter.

Some mass-market engine oil additives, notably the ones containing PTFE/Teflon (e.g. Slick 50)[17] and chlorinated paraffins (e.g. Dura Lube),[18] caused a major backlash by consumers; the U.S. Federal Trade Commission investigated many mass-marketed engine oil additives in the late s. Although there is no reason to say that all oil additives used in packaged engine oil are good and all aftermarket oil additives are bad, there has been a tendency in the aftermarket industry to make unfounded claims regarding the efficacy of their oil additives. These unsubstantiated claims have caused consumers to be lured into adding a bottle of chemicals to their engines which do not lower emissions, improve wear resistance, lower temperatures, improve efficiency, or extend engine life more than the (much cheaper) oil would have. Many consumers are convinced that aftermarket oil additives work, but many consumers are convinced that they do not work and are in fact detrimental to the engine. The topic is hotly debated on the Internet.

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See also

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• Fuel additive
• Gasoline additive
• Oil analysis – Laboratory analysis of an oil based lubricant's properties and contaminants
• Tribology, the science of friction, lubrication and wear

References

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