How Does a Solar Energy System Work? | SunPower®

A home or business solar array grabs just a few of those photons using photovoltaic (PV) solar panels.

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An array can be installed on a roof, in a yard, or anywhere there's unobstructed sunlight. More panels mean more energy can be generated.

Every array is made up of several solar panels, and every solar panel is made up of several solar cells. Those cells do the daily work of converting the sun's photons into electricity. 

Solar cells are made of silicon. Every time photons hit the silicon, they transfer energy to loosen silicon electrons. Those loosened, or “free” electrons, are then channeled into an electric current.

As we've explained, the solar cells that make up each solar panel do most of the heavy lifting. Through the photovoltaic effect, your solar panels produce a one-directional electrical current, called direct current (DC) electricity.

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Your home can't use DC electricity directly—it needs to be converted to alternating current (AC) electricity first. Most household appliances use AC electricity, which can reverse direction and flow back and forth. 

This is where inverters come into play. They convert the DC electricity from your solar panels to usable AC electricity. You could have one central inverter on the side of your house or microinverters on the back of each panel.

Solar inverters transfer the converted AC energy to your home's electrical panel. From there, electricity is dispersed through your house to all of your outlets so that when your devices are plugged in, a usable electric current is available.

If you have a grid-tied solar energy system, electricity can run both to and from the power grid. If you live in an area with net metering, you can even earn electric bill credits from your utility company when you send excess electricity to the grid. Depending on the specifics of your utility's policy, net metering can make it so that you owe very little (sometimes even nothing) on your electric bills year-round.

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